The Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey was established in September 2011 within Fukushima Medical University, the only medical university in the prefecture, as the organization to conduct the FHMS under commission from Fukushima's prefectural government.

Following the release of radioactive materials and evacuation of residents after the nuclear accident, the FHMS was launched to estimate external exposure doses of the people in Fukushima Prefecture and to ascertain their health status, essential activities for prevention, early detection, and treatment of disease. The goal is to protect and promote the long-term health of Fukushima residents.